SCIENCE IN THE NEWS - First Step in Practicing Medicine: Getting Into Medical School
科学新闻-行医的第一步：进入医学院校
By Jerilyn Watson / Broadcast: Mon, 28 Jan 2008 16:00:00 UTC
Jerilyn Watson撰写/广播：2008年1月28日，星期一
VOICE ONE:
声音1：
This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I'm Steve Ember.
这是美国之音特别英语的科学新闻。我是Steve Ember。
VOICE TWO:
声音2：
And I'm Barbara Klein. On our program this week, we look at how people become medical doctors in the United
States.
我是Barbara Klein。在本周节目中，我们关注在美国人们怎样成为医生。
(MUSIC)
（音乐）
VOICE ONE:
声音1：
It is not easy to become a doctor in the United States. The first step is getting into a medical college. More than one hundred twenty American schools offer study programs for people seeking to become a doctor.
在美国成为一个医生并不容易。第一步是进入医学院校。美国120多所学校为有志成为医生的人们提供学习课程。
People can get advice about medical schools from many resources. One of these is the Princeton Review. The publication provides information about colleges, study programs and jobs.
人们有很多资源可以得到关于医学院校的建议。其中之一是普林斯顿教育咨询。它提供关于学院，学习课程和工作的信息。
The Princeton Review says competition to enter medical schools is strong. It says about thirty-five thousand people compete for sixteen thousand openings in American medical schools each year. Many of those seeking to be admitted are women.
据普林斯顿教育咨询称，进入医学院校的竞争很激烈。据改机构称每年有大约35000人为了16000个美国医学院校的名额而竞争。很多渴望被录取的是女性。
VOICE TWO:
声音2：
Most people seeking admission contact more than one medical school. Some applicants contact many. An important part of the application usually is the Medical College Admission Test, or MCAT. The Association of American Medical Colleges provides the test by computer. It is offered in the United States and in other countries around the world.
大多数人为了录取而联系了不止一所学校。一些申请者联系了很多所。最重要的申请过程是医学院校入学考试，或称MCAT。美国医学院校协会用计算机提供考试。美国和世界上其它一些国家提供该考试。
The applicant is rated on reasoning, physical and biological sciences and an example of writing. Applicants for medical school need to do well on the MCAT. They also need a good record in their college studies.
通过推理、生理生物科学和写作实例对申请者进行评价。医学院校申请者需要在MCAT中表现出色。他们也需要在他们的大学学习期间有好的记录。
VOICE ONE:
声音1：
People who want to become doctors often study large amounts of biology, chemistry or other science. Some students work for a year or two in a medical or research job before they attempt to enter medical school.
想成为医生的人通常要学习大量的生物学、化学和其他科学课程。一些学生会在尝试进入医学院校前在医学研究工作中工作一或两年。
A direct meeting, or interview, also is usually required for entrance to medical schools. This means talking with a school representative. The interviewer wants to know what the applicant is like. Does the person understand the demands of life as a medical student and doctor in training? What are the person's goals for a life in medicine?
进入医学院校通常还需要一个直接的会议或面试。这意味着要和学校的代表交流。面试者想知道申请者是什么样子。这个人是否懂得作为一个医学学生和在训医生的要求，其医学生涯的目标是什么？
VOICE TWO:
声音2：
A medical education can be very costly. One year at a private medical college can cost forty thousand dollars or more. The average at a public medical school is more than fifteen thousand dollars. Most students need loans to pay for medical school. Many finish their education heavily in debt.
医学教育可能非常相似。在一所私立医学院校一年要花费40000美元或者更多。在公立医学院校平均要15000多美元。大多数学生要贷款来交学费。很多人完成学业之后欠很多债。
Some Americans become doctors by joining the United States Army, Navy, Air Force or Public Health Service. They attend the F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland. These students attend without having to pay. They also receive training beyond the usual education in areas needed by military and public health doctors. In return, they spend seven years in government service.
一些美国人通过加入美国陆军、海军、空军或公共卫生服务成为医生。他们参加马里兰州贝锡斯达健康科学统一服务大学的F. Edward Hebert 医学院。这些学生不用花钱。他们也在很多领域接受超出作为军事和公共健康医生需要的一般教育的训练。作为回报，他们在政府的服务部门工作七年。
VOICE ONE:
声音1：
Doctors are among the highest paid people in the United States. Big-city doctors who work in specialties like eye care or surgical operations usually earn the most money. But some other doctors earn far less. That is especially true in poor communities. Doctors in areas far from cities may sometimes get part of their payment in fruits or vegetables.
医生是美国收入最高的人群之一。大城市中在特殊领域比如眼科或外科手术工作的医生通常挣最多的钱。但是其他一些医生挣钱少得多。在穷的社区更是如此。远离城市的地区的医生们有时可能得到水果或蔬菜作为他们的部分薪
水。
(MUSIC)
（音乐）
VOICE TWO:
声音2：
Medical students spend their first two years mainly in classroom study. They learn about the body and all its systems. They also begin studying how to recognize and treat disease.
医学学生主要在教室学习中度过前两年。他们学习有关身体和各系统的东西。他们也会开始怎样诊断和治疗疾病。
By the third year, students begin working with patients in hospitals. Experienced doctors who have treated many patients guide them as they work. As the students learn, they think about the kind of medical skills they will need to work as doctors.
在第三年，学生们开始在医院里工作。治疗过很多病人有经验的医生指导他们工作。在学习过程中，他们思考作为医生工作需要的各种医疗手段。
VOICE ONE:
声音1：
During the fourth year, students begin contacting hospital programs for the additional training they will need after medical school. Competition to work at a top hospital can be fierce.
在第四年中，他们开始联系医院课程进行毕业以后必需的附加训练。进入顶级医院工作的竞争会很激烈。
Doctors-in-training in hospitals are called interns or residents. They are usually called interns during their first year.
After that, the name of the job is resident. The trainees treat patients guided by medical professors and other experts.
医院里的在训医生称作实习医生。他们通常在第一年被称作实习医生（interns）。在那之后，工作的名称是实习医生（resident）。被训者在医学教授或其他专家的指导下治疗病人。
VOICE TWO:
声音2：
All fifty states require at least one year of hospital work for doctors-in-training educated at medical schools in the
United States. Graduates of study programs at most foreign medical schools may have to complete two or three years of residency, although there are exceptions.
在美国所有的50个州都要求医学院校的在训医生教育有至少一年的医院工作。大多数国外医学院校的毕业生要完成两年或三年的实习，然而也有例外。
To be accepted for a residency, a person must meet the requirements of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates. This process involves several tests before a person can receive a visa to stay in the United States for the training period.
一个人要被接受为实习医生必须符合国外医学毕业生教育委员会的要求。这个过程包括得到在美训练期间的签证之前的几个考试。
Those completing study programs at foreign medical schools may be required to return to their own country for at least two years after their training ends. But because of doctor shortages or other needs, some have been able to get visas without the required two-year stay in their home country.
那些在国外医学院校完成学习课程的可能要求在训练结束之后在自己的国家呆至少两年。但是由于医生短缺或其它需要，一些人并不需要在自己的国家呆两年便能够拿到签证。
VOICE ONE:
声音1：
Doctors-in-training receive experience in different kinds of care. Interns, for example, may work with children for one month. Then the next month they may be in the operating room. How long a residency lasts depends on the chosen area of medicine.
在训医生在各种不同的护理中积累经验。例如，实习医生可以照顾孩子一个月。接下来的一个月可能呆在手术室。实习期的长短取决于所选的医学领域。
There are many medical specialties. Some people become cardiologists and care for the heart. Others become oncologists and treat cancer patients. Still others become pediatricians and take care of children. And some doctors go into medical research, either at a university or with a private company.
有很多医学专业。一些人成为心血管专家护理心脏。一些人成为癌症专家治疗癌症病人。还有一些人成为儿科医生护理儿童。也有一些医生在大学或者私人企业里进行医学研究。
VOICE TWO:
声音2：
But whatever they choose, they first need experience. Some doctors work a long time in hospitals before they are fully trained in a specialty. Neurosurgeons are a good example. They operate on the brain, neck and back. Some spend six years or more as residents before beginning private practice.
但是无论他们怎么选择，他们最需要的是经验。一些医生在接受全面的专业训练之前在医院工作了很长一段时间。神经外科医生就是一个很好的例子。他们在大脑、颈部和背部进行手术。一些人在开始个人业务前花六年或者更长的时间进行实习。
A doctor in Chicago, Illinois, remembers that before his internship, he wanted to work in crisis medicine. But he lost that interest after he interned in a hospital emergency room. He saw many patients who needed help immediately, like accident victims and victims of gunshot wounds. The specialty he chose, surgery, lets him have more time to decide how to help his patients.
伊利诺斯州芝加哥的一个医生记得在他实习之前，他想在危急医学领域工作。但是当他在一个医院的急救室实习之后他对那失去了兴趣。他看见很多需要急救的病人，像在事故或枪击中受伤的人。他所选择的专业——外科医生——让他有更多的时间去决定怎么去帮助他的病人。
(MUSIC)
（音乐）
VOICE ONE:
声音1：
In nineteen ninety-nine, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies released a report on medical mistakes in
American hospitals. The report said preventable mistakes resulted in at least forty-four thousand deaths each year.
1999年，国家医学院发布了关于美国医院医疗事故的报告。据报告称本来可以预防的事故每年导致至少44000人死亡。
Five years later, the New England Journal of Medicine published two government-financed studies of serious
mistakes made by interns. The studies found that the mistake rate decreased when interns worked fewer hours. The interns made fewer mistakes when they had to order medicines and identify conditions.
5年后，新英格兰医学杂志发表了两项国家资助关于有实习医生造成的严重医疗事故的研究。研究发现在两个重症护理领域中实习医生工作的时间减少，事故发生率也会降低。当实习医生需要开药或鉴别情况时会犯更少的错误。
Teaching hospitals say they must pay more for work from other employees because resident hours are shortened. Some residents say they need extended time with patients to observe changes in their condition. And some experienced doctors say residents need to work as much as they can to become good doctors.
教学的医院说他们必须比其他雇员付更多的钱，因为实习时间变短了。一些实习医生说他们需要更多的时间和病人在一起，以观察他们病情的变化。一些有经验的医生说实习医生想成为一个优秀的医生需要尽可能多的工作。
VOICE TWO:
声音2：
But in two thousand three, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education reduced the hours that residents may work. The council supervises the training of residents. Some residents were spending one hundred or more hours a week at their hospitals. They were often on duty more than thirty-six hours at a time, with limited sleep.
但在2003年，美国毕业后教育认可委员会减少了实习医生可以工作的时间。该委员会监督实习医生的训练。一些实习生一周花100小时或更多的时间在他们的医院工作。他们常常一次值班36小时以上，仅有有限的睡眠。
The changed rules limit residents to thirty hours of duty at a time. A hospital is not supposed to require more than eighty hours of duty in a week. In addition, interns and residents must have one day off in every seven. But some residents say all hospitals are not following the new rules.
修改过的规定将一次值班的时间限制在30小时。医院一周内最好不要要求多于80小时的值班时间。另外，实习医生每七天必须有一天放假。但是有的实习医生说不是所有的医院都遵守该规定。
VOICE ONE:
声音1：
Paul Rockey is a medical education expert in Illinois. He has worked for years with residents. He says residencies today are more difficult than before. Patients do not stay as long in the hospital as they once did. So Doctor Rockey says there is a lot of pressure on young doctors to learn quickly.
Paul Rockey是一个伊利诺斯州的医学教育专家。他和实习医生一起工作了数年。他说，现在做一个实习医生比从前更难。病人在医院的时间不像以前那样长。所以Rockey医生说，年轻医生快速学习的压力很大。
He says the difficulties of a medical education may be great. But, he adds that people also get great satisfaction seeing themselves gain the knowledge and skills to become good doctors.
他说医学教育的难度很大。但是他补充道，人们看见自己获得了成为一个优秀的医生需要的知识和技能时，也有很
大的满足感。
(MUSIC)
（音乐）
VOICE TWO:
声音2：
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Jerilyn Watson and produced by Brianna Blake. I'm Barbara Klein.
这是由Jerilyn Watson撰写、Brianna Blake制作的科学新闻。我是Barbara Klein。
VOICE ONE:
声音1：
And I'm Steve Ember. Read and listen to our programs at www.unsv.com. Listen again next week for more news
about science in Special English on the Voice of America.
我是Steve Ember。在www.unsv.com阅读和收听我们的节目。下周在美国之音特别英语有更多科学新闻，再次收
听。
插图：
A medical student in the state of Wyoming
一个怀俄明州的医学学生
Medical students perform a dissection of a body at the University of Massachusetts
马萨诸塞大学的医学学生在解剖尸体
Zhu Xing,
College of Life Sciences,
Beijing Normal University,
Beijing,
China, 100875 | 
